11 files changed, 595 insertions, 310 deletions

diff --git a/include/fud_algorithm.hpp b/include/fud_algorithm.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3d5d3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/fud_algorithm.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+/*
+ * libfud
+ * Copyright 2024 Dominick Allen
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef FUD_ALGORITHM_HPP
+#define FUD_ALGORITHM_HPP
+
+#include "fud_span.hpp"
+
+#include <concepts>
+#include <limits>
+#include <optional>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace fud {
+
+template <std::integral T>
+class Iota {
+  public:
+    constexpr Iota() noexcept : m_value{}, m_increment{static_cast<T>(1)}, m_limit{std::numeric_limits<T>::max()}
+    {
+    }
+
+    constexpr Iota(T value) noexcept :
+        m_value{value}, m_increment{static_cast<T>(1)}, m_limit{std::numeric_limits<T>::max()}
+    {
+    }
+
+    constexpr Iota(T value, T increment) noexcept :
+        m_value{value}, m_increment{increment}, m_limit{std::numeric_limits<T>::max()}
+    {
+    }
+
+    constexpr Iota(T value, T increment, T limit) noexcept : m_value{value}, m_increment{increment}, m_limit{limit}
+    {
+    }
+
+    constexpr std::optional<T> operator()() noexcept
+    {
+        auto value = m_value;
+        if (m_increment > 0) {
+            if (m_limit - m_increment < m_value) {
+                return std::nullopt;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (m_limit + m_increment + 1 >= m_value) {
+                return std::nullopt;
+            }
+        }
+        m_value += m_increment;
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    void set(T value) {
+        m_value = value;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    T m_value;
+    const T m_increment;
+    const T m_limit;
+};
+
+template <typename T, size_t Size, typename Func>
+Span<T, Size> forEach(Span<T, Size> input, Func&& mapFunc)
+{
+    for (auto& element : input) {
+        element = std::forward<Func>(mapFunc)(element);
+    }
+
+    return input;
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename U, size_t Size, typename Func>
+Span<T, Size> mapTo(Span<T, Size> input, Span<U, Size> output, Func&& mapFunc)
+{
+    for (auto idx = 0; idx < input.size(); ++idx) {
+        output[idx] = std::forward<Func>(mapFunc)(input[idx]);
+    }
+
+    return input;
+}
+
+template <typename T, size_t Size, typename Func, typename Builder, typename Output>
+auto map(Span<T, Size> input, Func&& mapFunc, Builder&& builder) -> decltype(std::forward<Builder>(builder)())
+{
+    Output output{std::forward<Builder>(builder)()};
+    for (auto idx = 0; idx < input.size() && idx < output.size(); ++idx) {
+        output[idx] = std::forward<Func>(mapFunc)(input[idx]);
+    }
+
+    return input;
+}
+
+template <typename Generator, typename Builder>
+auto generate(Builder&& builder, Generator&& generator) -> decltype(std::forward<Builder>(builder)())
+{
+    using Output = decltype(std::forward<Builder>(builder)());
+    Output output{std::forward<Builder>(builder)()};
+    for (auto idx = 0; idx < output.size(); ++idx) {
+        output[idx] = std::forward<Generator>(generator)();
+    }
+
+    return output;
+}
+
+template <typename T, size_t Size, typename Func>
+bool allOf(Span<T, Size> input, Func&& predicate)
+{
+    bool result = input.size() > 0;
+    for (size_t idx = 0; result && idx < input.size(); ++idx) {
+        result = result && std::forward<Func>(predicate)(input[idx]);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+template <typename Generator, typename Func>
+bool allOf(Generator&& generator, Func&& predicate)
+{
+    bool result = true;
+    while (auto val = std::forward<Generator>(generator)()) {
+        result = result && std::forward<Func>(predicate)(*val);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+template <typename T, size_t Size, typename Func>
+bool anyOf(Span<T, Size> input, Func&& predicate)
+{
+    bool result = !(input.size() > 0);
+    for (size_t idx = 0; result && idx < input.size(); ++idx) {
+        result = result || std::forward<Func>(predicate)(input[idx]);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+template <typename Generator, typename Func>
+bool anyOf(Generator&& generator, Func&& predicate)
+{
+    bool result = false;
+    while (auto val = std::forward<Generator>(generator)()) {
+        result = result || std::forward<Func>(predicate)(*val);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+} // namespace fud
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/fud_array.hpp b/include/fud_array.hpp
index 4e2c702..807621a 100644
--- a/include/fud_array.hpp
+++ b/include/fud_array.hpp
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@
 #ifndef FUD_ARRAY_HPP
 #define FUD_ARRAY_HPP
 
-#include "fud_memory.hpp"
+#include <cstddef>
 
-#include <cstdlib>
+#include "fud_memory.hpp"
 
 namespace fud {
 
diff --git a/include/fud_c_string.hpp b/include/fud_c_string.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44e0dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/fud_c_string.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * libfud
+ * Copyright 2024 Dominick Allen
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef FUD_C_STRING_HPP
+#define FUD_C_STRING_HPP
+
+#include <climits>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+
+namespace fud {
+
+constexpr ssize_t cStringLength(const char* str, size_t maxLength)
+{
+    if (str == nullptr || maxLength > (SSIZE_MAX - 1)) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    ssize_t size = 0;
+
+    while (str[size] != 0 && static_cast<size_t>(size) < maxLength) {
+        size++;
+    }
+
+    if (str[size] != 0 && static_cast<size_t>(size) == maxLength) {
+        return static_cast<ssize_t>(maxLength) + 1;
+    }
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+constexpr ssize_t cStringLength(const char* str)
+{
+    constexpr auto maxLength = SSIZE_MAX - 1;
+    return cStringLength(str, maxLength);
+}
+
+} // namespace fud
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/fud_format.hpp b/include/fud_format.hpp
index 8985faf..ea32bd8 100644
--- a/include/fud_format.hpp
+++ b/include/fud_format.hpp
@@ -18,275 +18,179 @@
 #ifndef FUD_FORMAT_HPP
 #define FUD_FORMAT_HPP
 
-#include "fud_assert.hpp"
+// #include "fud_assert.hpp"
 #include "fud_result.hpp"
-#include "fud_span.hpp"
 #include "fud_status.hpp"
 #include "fud_string_view.hpp"
+#include "fud_utf8.hpp"
 
-#include <format> // for std::format_string
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <optional>
+#include <variant>
 
 namespace fud {
 
-template <size_t Size>
-using CharSpan = Span<char, Size>;
-
-template <typename... Args>
-using FormatLiteral = std::format_string<Args...>;
+struct FormatAlign
+{
+    enum class Value : uint8_t
+    {
+        Left,
+        Right,
+        Center
+    };
+
+    constexpr static std::optional<FormatAlign> from(utf8 letter)
+    {
+        FormatAlign formatAlign;
+        switch (letter) {
+        case '<':
+            formatAlign.value = Value::Left;
+            break;
+        case '>':
+            formatAlign.value = Value::Right;
+            break;
+        case '^':
+            formatAlign.value = Value::Center;
+            break;
+        default:
+            return std::nullopt;
+        }
 
-template <typename... Args, size_t Size>
-Result<size_t, FudStatus> format(CharSpan<Size> buffer, FormatLiteral<Args...> formatLiteral, Args&&... args);
+        return formatAlign;
+    }
 
-enum class FormatAlign : uint8_t  {
-    Left,
-    Right,
-    Center
+    Value value;
 };
 
 struct FormatFill {
     FormatAlign align;
-    char fill;
+    utf8 fill;
+
+    constexpr static Result<std::optional<FormatFill>, FudStatus> parse(StringView formatView) {
+        // "{:A<X}"
+        using RetType = Result<std::optional<FormatFill>, FudStatus>;
+        if (formatView.length() < 3) {
+            return RetType::okay(std::nullopt);
+        }
+
+        const auto* data = formatView.data();
+        if (data[0] != 'A') {
+            return RetType::okay(std::nullopt);
+        }
+
+        auto align = FormatAlign::from(data[1]);
+        if (!align.has_value()) {
+            return FudStatus::FormatInvalid;
+        }
+
+        auto fill = data[2];
+        if (!Ascii::valid(fill)) {
+            return FudStatus::Utf8Invalid;
+        }
+
+        return RetType::okay(FormatFill{*align, fill});
+    }
 };
 
-enum class FormatSign : uint8_t {
+enum class FormatSign : uint8_t
+{
     Plus,
     Minus,
     Space
 };
 
-struct FormatSpec {
-    std::optional<FormatFill> fill;
-    std::optional<FormatSign> formatSign;
-    uint32_t minWidth;
+enum class FormatStringType : uint8_t
+{
+    String,
+    Escaped,
 };
 
-namespace detail {
-
-template <typename Arg, typename... Args, size_t Size>
-Result<size_t, FudStatus> formatHelper(
-    CharSpan<Size> buffer,
-    size_t formattedSize,
-    StringView formatView,
-    Arg&& arg,
-    Args&&... args);
-
-template <typename Arg, typename... Args, size_t Size>
-Result<size_t, FudStatus> formatHelper(
-    CharSpan<Size> buffer,
-    size_t formattedSize,
-    StringView formatView,
-    Arg&& arg);
-
-template <size_t Size>
-Result<size_t, FudStatus> formatHelper(
-    CharSpan<Size> buffer,
-    size_t formattedSize,
-    StringView formatView);
-
-} // namespace detail
-
-template <typename... Args, size_t Size>
-Result<size_t, FudStatus> format(CharSpan<Size> buffer, FormatLiteral<Args...> formatLiteral, Args&&... args)
+enum class FormatIntegerType : uint8_t
 {
-    static_assert(Size > 0);
-
-    if (buffer.data() == nullptr) {
-        return FudStatus::NullPointer;
-    }
-
-    StringView formatView{formatLiteral.get()};
-
-    if (formatView.length() == 0 || formatView.data()[0] == '\0') {
-        return 0U;
-    }
-
-    size_t argCount = sizeof...(args);
-    static_cast<void>(argCount);
-
-    size_t formattedSize = 0;
+    BinaryLower,
+    BinaryUpper,
+    Character,
+    Decimal,
+    Octal,
+    HexLower,
+    HexUpper,
+};
 
-    return detail::formatHelper(buffer, formattedSize, formatView, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-}
+enum class FormatCharacterType : uint8_t
+{
+    BinaryLower,
+    BinaryUpper,
+    Character,
+    Decimal,
+    Octal,
+    HexLower,
+    HexUpper,
+};
 
-namespace detail {
+enum class FormatBoolType : uint8_t
+{
+    BinaryLower,
+    BinaryUpper,
+    Character,
+    Decimal,
+    Octal,
+    HexLower,
+    HexUpper,
+};
 
-#define FUDETAIL_ADVANCE_FORMAT(FORMAT_VIEW, ADVANCE_BY) \
-    fudAssert(ADVANCE_BY <= FORMAT_VIEW.m_length); \
-    FORMAT_VIEW.m_length -= ADVANCE_BY; \
-    FORMAT_VIEW.m_data += ADVANCE_BY; \
+enum class FormatFloatingType : uint8_t
+{
+    FloatHexLower,
+    FloatHexUpper,
+    ScientificLower,
+    ScientificUpper,
+    Fixed,
+    GeneralLower,
+    GeneralUpper
+};
 
-constexpr bool findBracket(size_t& copyLength, StringView formatView)
+enum class FormatPointerType : uint8_t
 {
-    while (copyLength < formatView.m_length) {
-        if (formatView.m_data[copyLength] == '{') {
-            return true;
-        }
-        copyLength++;
-    }
+    HexLower,
+    HexUpper
+};
 
-    return false;
-}
+using FormatType = std::variant< // break
+    std::monostate,
+    FormatStringType,
+    FormatIntegerType,
+    FormatCharacterType,
+    FormatBoolType,
+    FormatFloatingType,
+    FormatPointerType>;
 
-template <size_t Size>
-size_t copyRemaining(
-    CharSpan<Size> buffer,
-    size_t formattedSize,
-    StringView& formatView,
-    size_t copyLength)
-{
-    fudAssert(copyLength <= formatView.length());
-    if (copyLength + formattedSize > Size) {
-        copyLength = Size - formattedSize;
-    }
-    auto copyResult = copyMem(
-        buffer.data() + formattedSize,
-        Size - formattedSize,
-        formatView.m_data,
-        copyLength);
-    fudAssert(copyResult == FudStatus::Success);
-    FUDETAIL_ADVANCE_FORMAT(formatView, copyLength);
-    return formattedSize + copyLength;
-}
-
-template <typename Arg, size_t Size>
-Result<size_t, FudStatus> handleSpec(
-    CharSpan<Size> buffer,
-    size_t formattedSize,
-    StringView& formatView,
-    Arg&& arg,
-    bool& consumed)
-{
-    fudAssert(formattedSize < Size);
-    fudAssert(formatView.length() > 1);
-
-    if (formatView.m_data[1] == '{') {
-        consumed = false;
-        buffer[formattedSize] = '{';
-        FUDETAIL_ADVANCE_FORMAT(formatView, 2);
-        return formattedSize + 1;
-    }
+struct FormatSpec;
+using FormatSpecResult = Result<FormatSpec, FudStatus>;
 
-    static_cast<void>(arg);
-    buffer[formattedSize] = 'X';
-    formattedSize += 1;
-    size_t index = 0;
-    for (; index < formatView.m_length; ++index) {
-        if (formatView.m_data[index] == '}') {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-    FUDETAIL_ADVANCE_FORMAT(formatView, index + 1);
-    return formattedSize;
-}
-
-template <typename Arg, typename... Args, size_t Size>
-Result<size_t, FudStatus> formatHelper(
-    CharSpan<Size> buffer,
-    size_t formattedSize,
-    StringView formatView,
-    Arg&& arg,
-    Args&&... args)
-{
-    while (formattedSize < Size) {
-        size_t copyLength = 0;
-        auto found = findBracket(copyLength, formatView);
-        formattedSize = copyRemaining(buffer, formattedSize, formatView, copyLength);
-        fudAssert(formattedSize <= Size);
-        if (!found || formattedSize == Size) {
-            return formattedSize;
-        }
+struct FormatSpec {
+    size_t width;
+    size_t precision;
+    FormatFill fill;
+    FormatSign formatSign;
 
-        bool consumed = false;
-        auto specResult = handleSpec(buffer, formattedSize, formatView, std::forward<Arg>(arg), consumed);
-        formattedSize = M_TakeOrReturn(specResult);
-        fudAssert(formattedSize <= Size);
-        if (formattedSize == Size) {
-            return formattedSize;
-        }
+    FormatType formatType;
 
-        if (consumed) {
-            return formatHelper(buffer, formattedSize, formatView, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-        }
-    }
+    bool hasWidth;
+    bool takesWidth;
 
-    return formattedSize;
-}
+    bool hasPrecision;
+    bool takesPrecision;
 
-template <typename Arg, typename... Args, size_t Size>
-Result<size_t, FudStatus> formatHelper(
-    CharSpan<Size> buffer,
-    size_t formattedSize,
-    StringView formatView,
-    Arg&& arg)
-{
-    while (formattedSize < Size) {
-        size_t copyLength = 0;
-        auto found = findBracket(copyLength, formatView);
-        formattedSize = copyRemaining(buffer, formattedSize, formatView, copyLength);
-        fudAssert(formattedSize <= Size);
-        if (!found || formattedSize == Size) {
-            return formattedSize;
-        }
+    bool hasFill;
 
-        bool consumed = false;
-        auto specResult = handleSpec(buffer, formattedSize, formatView, std::forward<Arg>(arg), consumed);
-        formattedSize = M_TakeOrReturn(specResult);
-        if (consumed) {
-            return formatHelper(buffer, formattedSize, formatView);
-        }
-    }
-    return formattedSize;
-}
-
-template <size_t Size>
-Result<size_t, FudStatus> formatHelper(
-    CharSpan<Size> buffer,
-    size_t formattedSize,
-    StringView formatView)
-{
-    size_t index = 0;
-    while (formattedSize < Size && formatView.m_length > 0) {
-        while (index < formatView.m_length && formattedSize + index < Size) {
-            if (formatView.m_data[index] == '{') {
-                break;
-            }
-            index++;
-        }
-        bool isBracket{false};
-        if (index + 1 < formatView.m_length && formattedSize + index + 1 < Size) {
-            if (formatView.m_data[index] == '{') {
-                isBracket = true;
-                index++;
-            }
-        }
-        auto copyResult = copyMem(
-            buffer.data() + formattedSize,
-            Size - formattedSize,
-            formatView.m_data,
-            index);
-        formattedSize += index;
-        formatView.m_length -= index;
-        formatView.m_data += index;
-        if (isBracket) {
-            index = 0;
-            if (formatView.m_length > 0) {
-                formatView.m_length--;
-                formatView.m_data++;
-            }
-            if (formattedSize < Size) {
-                buffer.data()[formattedSize] = 'X';
-                formattedSize++;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return formattedSize;
-}
+    bool hasFormatSign;
+
+    bool alternateForm;
 
-#undef FUDETAIL_ADVANCE_FORMAT
+    bool leadingZero;
 
-} // namespace detail
+    static Result<FormatSpec, FudStatus> make(StringView& formatView, size_t specIndex);
+};
 
 } // namespace fud
 
diff --git a/include/fud_result.hpp b/include/fud_result.hpp
index 4bfb819..877c49c 100644
--- a/include/fud_result.hpp
+++ b/include/fud_result.hpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #define FUD_RESULT_HPP
 
 #include <variant>
+#include <utility>
 
 namespace fud {
 
@@ -28,62 +29,62 @@ class [[nodiscard]] Result {
   public:
     using ResultType = Result<T, E>;
 
-    Result(const T& value) : m_value{value}
+    constexpr Result(const T& value) : m_value{value}
     {
     }
 
-    Result(const E& value) : m_value{value}
+    constexpr Result(const E& value) : m_value{value}
     {
     }
 
-    Result(T&& value) : m_value{std::move(value)}
+    constexpr Result(T&& value) : m_value{std::move(value)}
     {
     }
 
-    Result(E&& value) : m_value{std::move(value)}
+    constexpr Result(E&& value) : m_value{std::move(value)}
     {
     }
 
-    static ResultType okay(const T& okay)
+    static constexpr ResultType okay(const T& okay)
     {
         return ResultType{okay};
     }
 
-    static ResultType okay(T&& okay)
+    static constexpr ResultType okay(T&& okay)
     {
         return ResultType{std::move(okay)};
     }
 
-    static ResultType error(const E& error)
+    static constexpr ResultType error(const E& error)
     {
         return ResultType{error};
     }
 
-    static ResultType error(E&& error)
+    static constexpr ResultType error(E&& error)
     {
         return ResultType{std::move(error)};
     }
 
     template <typename F>
-    static ResultType okay(const Result<T, F>& okayRes)
+    static constexpr ResultType okay(const Result<T, F>& okayRes)
     {
         return ResultType{okayRes.getOkay()};
     }
 
     template <typename F>
-    static ResultType okay(Result<T, F>&& okayRes)
+    static constexpr ResultType okay(Result<T, F>&& okayRes)
     {
         return ResultType{okayRes.takeOkay()};
     }
 
     template <typename U>
-    static ResultType error(const Result<U, E>& errorRes)
+    static constexpr ResultType error(const Result<U, E>& errorRes)
     {
         return ResultType{errorRes.getError()};
     }
 
     template <typename U>
-    static ResultType error(Result<U, E>&& errorRes)
+    static constexpr ResultType error(Result<U, E>&& errorRes)
     {
         return ResultType{errorRes.takeError()};
     }
@@ -98,28 +99,28 @@ class [[nodiscard]] Result {
         return (m_value.index() == 1);
     }
 
-    [[nodiscard]] const T& getOkay() const&
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr const T& getOkay() const&
     {
         return std::get<T>(m_value);
     }
 
-    [[nodiscard]] const E& getError() const&
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr const E& getError() const&
     {
         return std::get<E>(m_value);
     }
 
-    [[nodiscard]] T&& takeOkay()
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr T&& takeOkay()
     {
         return std::move(std::get<T>(m_value));
     }
 
-    [[nodiscard]] E&& takeError()
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr E&& takeError()
     {
         return std::move(std::get<E>(m_value));
     }
 
   private:
-    Result() : m_value()
+    constexpr Result() : m_value()
     {
     }
 
diff --git a/include/fud_span.hpp b/include/fud_span.hpp
index cc693f8..5b8497e 100644
--- a/include/fud_span.hpp
+++ b/include/fud_span.hpp
@@ -18,41 +18,71 @@
 #ifndef FUD_SPAN_HPP
 #define FUD_SPAN_HPP
 
-#include <cstdlib>
-
 #include "fud_array.hpp"
+#include "fud_result.hpp"
+#include "fud_status.hpp"
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
 
 namespace fud {
 
-template <typename T, size_t Size>
+template <typename T, size_t Size = SIZE_MAX>
 struct Span {
     static_assert(Size > 0);
     using ValueType = T;
 
-    static Span make(Array<T, Size>& array) {
-        Span<T, Size> output{};
-        output.m_data = array.data();
+    static Span make(Array<T, Size>& array)
+    {
+        Span<T, Size> output{array.data(), Size};
         return output;
     }
 
+    static Result<Span, FudStatus> make(Array<T, Size>& array, size_t size)
+    {
+        if (size > Size) {
+            return FudStatus::ArgumentInvalid;
+        }
+        return Span<T, Size>{array.data(), Size};
+    }
+
     template <typename U>
-    static Span make(const Array<U, Size>& array) {
+    static Span make(const Array<U, Size>& array)
+    {
         static_assert(std::convertible_to<U, T>);
-        Span<T, Size> output{};
-        output.m_data = array.data();
-        return output;
+        return Span<T, Size>{array.data(), Size};
     }
 
     template <typename U>
-    static Span make(Array<U, Size>& array) {
+    static Result<Span, FudStatus> make(const Array<U, Size>& array, size_t size)
+    {
         static_assert(std::convertible_to<U, T>);
-        Span<T, Size> output{};
-        output.m_data = array.data();
-        return output;
+        if (size > Size) {
+            return FudStatus::ArgumentInvalid;
+        }
+        return Span<T, Size>{array.data(), Size};
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    static Span make(Array<U, Size>& array)
+    {
+        static_assert(std::convertible_to<U, T>);
+        return Span<T, Size>{array.data(), array.size()};
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    static Result<Span, FudStatus> make(Array<U, Size>& array, size_t size)
+    {
+        static_assert(std::convertible_to<U, T>);
+        if (size > Size) {
+            return FudStatus::ArgumentInvalid;
+        }
+        return Span<T, Size>{array.data(), array.size()};
     }
 
     template <size_t ArraySize>
-    static Span makeCStringBuffer(Array<T, ArraySize>& array) {
+    static Span makeCStringBuffer(Array<T, ArraySize>& array)
+    {
         static_assert(ArraySize > Size);
         Span<T, Size> output{};
         output.m_data = array.data();
@@ -60,10 +90,15 @@ struct Span {
     }
 
     T* m_data;
+    const size_t m_size;
 
     [[nodiscard]] constexpr size_t size() const
     {
-        return Size;
+        if constexpr (Size < SIZE_MAX) {
+            return Size;
+        } else {
+            return m_size;
+        }
     }
 
     constexpr T& front()
@@ -78,12 +113,12 @@ struct Span {
 
     constexpr T& back()
     {
-        return m_data[Size - 1];
+        return m_data[size() - 1];
     }
 
     constexpr const T& back() const
     {
-        return m_data[Size - 1];
+        return m_data[size() - 1];
     }
 
     constexpr T* data() noexcept
@@ -108,12 +143,12 @@ struct Span {
 
     constexpr T* end() noexcept
     {
-        return m_data + Size;
+        return m_data + size();
     }
 
     constexpr const T* end() const noexcept
     {
-        return m_data + Size;
+        return m_data + size();
     }
 
     constexpr T& operator[](size_t index)
diff --git a/include/fud_status.hpp b/include/fud_status.hpp
index bda646b..91048ac 100644
--- a/include/fud_status.hpp
+++ b/include/fud_status.hpp
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ enum class [[nodiscard]] FudStatus
     RangeError,
     VariantInvalid,
     BadArrayLength,
+    FormatInvalid,
     NotImplemented,
     NotSupported
 };
@@ -83,6 +84,8 @@ constexpr const char* FudStatusToString(FudStatus status)
         return "VariantInvalid";
     case FudStatus::BadArrayLength:
         return "BadArrayLength";
+    case FudStatus::FormatInvalid:
+        return "FormatInvalid";
     case FudStatus::NotImplemented:
         return "NotImplemented";
     case FudStatus::NotSupported:
diff --git a/include/fud_string.hpp b/include/fud_string.hpp
index ba05450..60a328f 100644
--- a/include/fud_string.hpp
+++ b/include/fud_string.hpp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include "fud_result.hpp"
 #include "fud_status.hpp"
 #include "fud_string_view.hpp"
+#include "fud_c_string.hpp"
 #include "fud_utf8.hpp"
 
 #include <climits>
diff --git a/include/fud_string_view.hpp b/include/fud_string_view.hpp
index 7b4925e..8a47ae5 100644
--- a/include/fud_string_view.hpp
+++ b/include/fud_string_view.hpp
@@ -71,6 +71,14 @@ struct StringView {
 
     Result<size_t, FudStatus> trimWhitespace();
 
+    [[nodiscard]] bool advance();
+
+    void advanceUnsafe();
+
+    [[nodiscard]] bool advance(size_t size);
+
+    void advanceUnsafe(size_t size);
+
     FudStatus toUint8(uint8_t& number, uint8_t specifiedRadix, size_t& strLen) const;
 
     FudStatus toUint16(uint16_t& number, uint8_t specifiedRadix, size_t& strLen) const;
@@ -96,12 +104,6 @@ struct StringView {
     const utf8* m_data{nullptr};
 };
 
-FudStatus skipWhitespace(StringView& view, size_t& skipIndex);
-
-ssize_t cStringLength(const char* str);
-
-ssize_t cStringLength(const char* str, size_t maxLength);
-
 } // namespace fud
 
 #endif
diff --git a/include/fud_utf8.hpp b/include/fud_utf8.hpp
index 539e0f4..3b1a6b7 100644
--- a/include/fud_utf8.hpp
+++ b/include/fud_utf8.hpp
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@
 #define FUD_UTF8_HPP
 
 #include "fud_array.hpp"
-#include "fud_status.hpp"
 #include "fud_unique_array.hpp"
+#include "fud_c_string.hpp"
 
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <optional>
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
 
 namespace fud {
 
+
+
 using utf8 = unsigned char;
 
 class String;
@@ -110,6 +112,18 @@ struct Utf82Byte {
     constexpr Utf82Byte(utf8 first, utf8 second) noexcept : characters{{first, second}}
     {
     }
+
+    __attribute__((nonnull))
+    constexpr Utf82Byte(const char* letterStr) noexcept : characters{}
+    {
+        auto length = cStringLength(letterStr, 2);
+        if (length < 2) {
+            return;
+        }
+        characters[0] = static_cast<utf8>(letterStr[0]);
+        characters[1] = static_cast<utf8>(letterStr[1]);
+    }
+
     Array<utf8, 2> characters;
     static constexpr size_t size() noexcept
     {
@@ -145,6 +159,18 @@ struct Utf83Byte {
     {
     }
 
+    __attribute__((nonnull))
+    constexpr Utf83Byte(const char* letterStr) noexcept : characters{}
+    {
+        auto length = cStringLength(letterStr, 3);
+        if (length < 3) {
+            return;
+        }
+        characters[0] = static_cast<utf8>(letterStr[0]);
+        characters[1] = static_cast<utf8>(letterStr[1]);
+        characters[2] = static_cast<utf8>(letterStr[2]);
+    }
+
     Array<utf8, 3> characters;
 
     static constexpr size_t size() noexcept
@@ -187,6 +213,19 @@ struct Utf84Byte {
     {
     }
 
+    __attribute__((nonnull))
+    constexpr Utf84Byte(const char* letterStr) noexcept : characters{}
+    {
+        auto length = cStringLength(letterStr, 4);
+        if (length < 4) {
+            return;
+        }
+        characters[0] = static_cast<utf8>(letterStr[0]);
+        characters[1] = static_cast<utf8>(letterStr[1]);
+        characters[2] = static_cast<utf8>(letterStr[2]);
+        characters[3] = static_cast<utf8>(letterStr[3]);
+    }
+
     Array<utf8, 4> characters;
 
     static constexpr size_t size() noexcept
@@ -250,11 +289,12 @@ struct FudUtf8 {
     Utf8Variant m_variant{Utf8Variant{Ascii{}}};
 
     static constexpr Ascii invalidAsciiCode{Ascii{0xFF}};
-    static FudUtf8 fromString(const String& fudString, size_t index) noexcept;
-    static FudUtf8 fromStringView(StringView view, size_t index) noexcept;
-    // static FudUtf8 fromStringView(const StringView& view, size_t index) noexcept;
 
-    static constexpr FudUtf8 makeUtf8(const Array<utf8, 4>& data)
+    static FudUtf8 from(const String& fudString, size_t index) noexcept;
+
+    static FudUtf8 from(StringView view, size_t index) noexcept;
+
+    static constexpr FudUtf8 make(const Array<utf8, 4>& data)
     {
         FudUtf8 unicode{};
         if (Ascii::valid(data[0])) {
@@ -271,7 +311,12 @@ struct FudUtf8 {
         return unicode;
     }
 
-    static constexpr FudUtf8 makeUtf8(const Ascii& utf8Char)
+    static constexpr FudUtf8 make(utf8 utf8Char)
+    {
+        return make(Ascii{utf8Char});
+    }
+
+    static constexpr FudUtf8 make(Ascii utf8Char)
     {
         FudUtf8 unicode{{Utf8Variant{Ascii{}}}};
         if (utf8Char.valid()) {
@@ -282,6 +327,15 @@ struct FudUtf8 {
         return unicode;
     }
 
+    static constexpr FudUtf8 make(Utf8Variant utf8Variant) {
+        FudUtf8 unicode{};
+        unicode.m_variant = utf8Variant;
+        if (!std::visit([](auto arg) { return arg.valid(); }, utf8Variant)) {
+            unicode.m_variant = invalidAsciiCode;
+        }
+        return unicode;
+    }
+
     static constexpr FudUtf8 invalidAscii()
     {
         FudUtf8 character{};
@@ -460,89 +514,93 @@ struct FudUtf8 {
 };
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is ascii. */
-bool char_is_ascii(char character);
+[[nodiscard]] bool charIsAscii(char character);
 
-FudStatus utf8_is_ascii(FudUtf8& character, bool& isAscii);
+[[nodiscard]] bool utf8IsAscii(FudUtf8 character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is alphanumeric. */
-bool char_is_alphanumeric(char character);
+[[nodiscard]] bool charIsAlphanumeric(char character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is alphanumeric. */
-FudStatus utf8_is_alphanumeric(FudUtf8* character, bool* pred);
+[[nodiscard]] bool utf8IsAlphanumeric(FudUtf8 character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is alphabetic. */
-bool char_is_alpha(char character);
+[[nodiscard]] bool charIsAlpha(char character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is alphabetic. */
-FudStatus utf8_is_alpha(FudUtf8* character, bool* pred);
+[[nodiscard]] bool utf8IsAlpha(FudUtf8 character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is lowercase. */
-bool char_is_lowercase(char character);
+[[nodiscard]] bool charIsLowercase(char character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is lowercase. */
-FudStatus utf8_is_lowercase(FudUtf8* character, bool* pred);
+[[nodiscard]] bool utf8IsLowercase(FudUtf8 character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is an uppercase character. */
-bool char_is_uppercase(char character);
+[[nodiscard]] bool charIsUppercase(char character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is uppercase. */
-FudStatus utf8_is_uppercase(FudUtf8* character, bool* pred);
+[[nodiscard]] bool utf8IsUppercase(FudUtf8 character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is a digit. */
-bool char_is_digit(char character);
+[[nodiscard]] bool charIsDigit(char character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is a digit. */
-FudStatus utf8_is_digit(FudUtf8* character, bool* pred);
+[[nodiscard]] bool utf8IsDigit(FudUtf8 character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is a hexadecimal character. */
-bool char_is_hex_digit(char character);
+[[nodiscard]] bool charIsHexDigit(char character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is a hexadecimal digit. */
-FudStatus utf8_is_hex_digit(FudUtf8* character, bool* pred);
+[[nodiscard]] bool utf8IsHexDigit(FudUtf8 character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is a control character. */
-bool char_is_control(char character);
+[[nodiscard]] bool charIsControl(char character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is a control character. */
-FudStatus utf8_is_control(FudUtf8* character, bool* pred);
+[[nodiscard]] bool utf8IsControl(FudUtf8 character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is a graphical character. */
-bool char_is_graphical(char character);
+[[nodiscard]] bool charIsGraphical(char character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is a graphical character. */
-FudStatus utf8_is_graphical(FudUtf8* character, bool* pred);
+[[nodiscard]] bool utf8IsGraphical(FudUtf8 character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is a space character. */
-bool char_is_space(char character);
+[[nodiscard]] bool charIsSpace(char character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is a space character. */
-FudStatus utf8_is_space(FudUtf8* character, bool* pred);
+[[nodiscard]] bool utf8IsSpace(FudUtf8 character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is a blank character. */
-bool char_is_blank(char character);
+[[nodiscard]] bool charIsBlank(char character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is a blank character. */
-FudStatus utf8_is_blank(FudUtf8* character, bool* pred);
+[[nodiscard]] bool utf8IsBlank(FudUtf8 character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is a printable character. */
-bool char_is_printable(char character);
+[[nodiscard]] bool charIsPrintable(char character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is a printable character. */
-FudStatus utf8_is_printable(FudUtf8* character, bool* pred);
+[[nodiscard]] bool utf8IsPrintable(FudUtf8 character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is a punctuation character. */
-bool char_is_punctuation(char character);
+[[nodiscard]] bool charIsPunctuation(char character);
 
 /** \brief Checks if a character is a punctuation character. */
-FudStatus utf8_is_punctuation(FudUtf8* character, bool* pred);
+[[nodiscard]] bool utf8IsPunctuation(FudUtf8 character);
 
-uint8_t char_to_lower(uint8_t character);
+/** \brief Converts character to lowercase if valid. */
+uint8_t charToLower(uint8_t character);
 
-FudUtf8* utf8_to_lower(FudUtf8* character);
+/** \brief Converts character to lowercase if valid. */
+FudUtf8 utf8ToLower(FudUtf8 character);
 
-uint8_t char_to_upper(uint8_t character);
+/** \brief Converts character to uppercase if valid. */
+uint8_t charToUpper(uint8_t character);
 
-FudUtf8* utf8_to_upper(FudUtf8* character);
+/** \brief Converts character to uppercase if valid. */
+FudUtf8 utf8ToUpper(FudUtf8 character);
 
 } // namespace fud
 
diff --git a/include/fud_vector.hpp b/include/fud_vector.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56e1659
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/fud_vector.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*
+ * libfud
+ * Copyright 2024 Dominick Allen
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef FUD_VECTOR_HPP
+#define FUD_VECTOR_HPP
+
+#include "fud_allocator.hpp"
+#include "fud_result.hpp"
+#include "fud_status.hpp"
+
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace fud {
+
+template <typename T>
+class Vector {
+  public:
+    static Result<Vector<T>, FudStatus> from(const Vector<T>& rhs);
+
+    static Vector<T> move(Vector<T>&& rhs);
+
+    FudStatus copy(const Vector<T>& rhs);
+
+    FudStatus take(Vector<T>&& rhs);
+
+    [[nodiscard]] size_t size() const {
+        return m_length;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] size_t capacity() const {
+        return m_capacity;
+    }
+
+    FudStatus reserve();
+
+    FudStatus resize();
+
+    FudStatus clear();
+
+    // FudResult at();
+
+  private:
+    Allocator* m_allocator{&globalFudAllocator};
+    size_t m_length{0};
+    size_t m_capacity{0};
+};
+
+} // namespace fud
+
+#endif