Use std::byte* instead of void* for allocators.

16 files changed, 222 insertions, 189 deletions

diff --git a/include/fud_allocator.hpp b/include/fud_allocator.hpp
index d4feccf..e4078ac 100644
--- a/include/fud_allocator.hpp
+++ b/include/fud_allocator.hpp
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ class alignas(std::max_align_t) Allocator {
   public:
     virtual ~Allocator() = default;
 
-    virtual Result<void*, FudStatus> allocate(size_t bytes, size_t alignment = alignof(std::max_align_t)) = 0;
+    virtual Result<std::byte*, FudStatus> allocate(size_t bytes, size_t alignment = alignof(std::max_align_t)) = 0;
 
-    virtual FudStatus deallocate(void* pointer, size_t bytes) = 0;
+    virtual FudStatus deallocate(std::byte* pointer, size_t bytes) = 0;
 
     virtual bool isEqual(const Allocator& rhs) const = 0;
 };
@@ -46,20 +46,33 @@ class FudAllocator : public Allocator {
   public:
     virtual ~FudAllocator() override = default;
 
-    virtual Result<void*, FudStatus> allocate(size_t bytes, size_t alignment = alignof(std::max_align_t)) override;
+    virtual Result<std::byte*, FudStatus> allocate(size_t bytes, size_t alignment = alignof(std::max_align_t)) override;
 
-    virtual FudStatus deallocate(void* pointer, size_t bytes) override;
+    virtual FudStatus deallocate(std::byte* pointer, size_t bytes) override;
 
     virtual bool isEqual(const Allocator& rhs) const override;
 };
 
 extern FudAllocator globalFudAllocator;
 
+class NullAllocator : public Allocator {
+  public:
+    virtual ~NullAllocator() override = default;
+
+    virtual Result<std::byte*, FudStatus> allocate(size_t bytes, size_t alignment = alignof(std::max_align_t)) override;
+
+    virtual FudStatus deallocate(std::byte* pointer, size_t bytes) override;
+
+    virtual bool isEqual(const Allocator& rhs) const override;
+};
+
+extern NullAllocator globalNullAllocator;
+
 /** \brief The default allocation function for globalFudAllocator. */
-extern void* fudAlloc(size_t size);
+extern std::byte* fudAlloc(size_t size);
 
 /** \brief The default deallocation function for globalFudAllocator. */
-extern void fudFree(void* ptr);
+extern void fudFree(std::byte* ptr);
 
 } // namespace fud
 
diff --git a/include/fud_c_file.hpp b/include/fud_c_file.hpp
index bf148c2..e0be680 100644
--- a/include/fud_c_file.hpp
+++ b/include/fud_c_file.hpp
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@
 #ifndef FUD_C_FILE_HPP
 #define FUD_C_FILE_HPP
 
+#include "fud_drain.hpp"
 #include "fud_permissions.hpp"
 #include "fud_result.hpp"
 #include "fud_status.hpp"
 #include "fud_string.hpp"
-#include "fud_file.hpp"
 
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstdio>
@@ -184,16 +184,16 @@ class CFile {
         return RetType::okay(fileSize);
     }
 
-    [[nodiscard]] ReadResult read(void* destination, size_t destinationSize, size_t length)
+    [[nodiscard]] DrainResult read(void* destination, size_t destinationSize, size_t length)
     {
         auto& self = static_cast<Derived&>(*this);
         return self.read(destination, destinationSize, length, 0);
     }
 
-    [[nodiscard]] ReadResult read(void* destination, size_t destinationSize, size_t length, size_t offset)
+    [[nodiscard]] DrainResult read(void* destination, size_t destinationSize, size_t length, size_t offset)
     {
         auto& self = static_cast<Derived&>(*this);
-        ReadResult result{};
+        DrainResult result{};
         if (length == 0) {
             return result;
         }
@@ -227,9 +227,9 @@ class CFile {
         }
 
         auto* destBytes = static_cast<char*>(destination);
-        result.bytesRead = fread(destBytes, 1, length, self.m_file);
+        result.bytesDrained = fread(destBytes, 1, length, self.m_file);
         static_cast<void>(self.reset());
-        if (result.bytesRead != length) {
+        if (result.bytesDrained != length) {
             result.status = FudStatus::Partial;
         } else {
             result.status = FudStatus::Success;
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ class CFile {
     }
 
     template <typename T>
-    [[nodiscard]] ReadResult read(T& destination, size_t length)
+    [[nodiscard]] DrainResult read(T& destination, size_t length)
     {
         static_assert(not std::is_pointer_v<decltype(destination)>);
         auto& self = static_cast<Derived&>(*this);
@@ -247,39 +247,39 @@ class CFile {
     }
 
     template <typename T>
-    [[nodiscard]] ReadResult read(T& destination, size_t length, size_t offset)
+    [[nodiscard]] DrainResult read(T& destination, size_t length, size_t offset)
     {
         static_assert(not std::is_pointer_v<decltype(destination)>);
         auto& self = static_cast<Derived&>(*this);
         return self.read(&destination, sizeof(destination), length, offset);
     }
 
-    [[nodiscard]] WriteResult write(const void* source, size_t sourceSize)
+    [[nodiscard]] DrainResult write(const void* source, size_t sourceSize)
     {
         auto& self = static_cast<Derived&>(*this);
         auto offsetResult = self.size();
         if (offsetResult.isError()) {
-            return WriteResult{0, offsetResult.getError()};
+            return DrainResult{0, offsetResult.getError()};
         }
 
         return self.write(source, sourceSize, sourceSize, offsetResult.getOkay());
     }
 
-    [[nodiscard]] WriteResult write(const void* source, size_t sourceSize, size_t length)
+    [[nodiscard]] DrainResult write(const void* source, size_t sourceSize, size_t length)
     {
         auto& self = static_cast<Derived&>(*this);
         auto offsetResult = self.size();
         if (offsetResult.isError()) {
-            return WriteResult{0, offsetResult.getError()};
+            return DrainResult{0, offsetResult.getError()};
         }
 
         return self.write(source, sourceSize, length, offsetResult.getOkay());
     }
 
-    [[nodiscard]] WriteResult write(const void* source, size_t sourceSize, size_t length, size_t offset)
+    [[nodiscard]] DrainResult write(const void* source, size_t sourceSize, size_t length, size_t offset)
     {
         auto& self = static_cast<Derived&>(*this);
-        WriteResult result{};
+        DrainResult result{};
         if (length == 0) {
             return result;
         }
@@ -315,9 +315,9 @@ class CFile {
         }
 
         const auto* sourceBytes = static_cast<const char*>(source);
-        result.bytesWritten = fwrite(sourceBytes, 1, length, self.m_file);
+        result.bytesDrained = fwrite(sourceBytes, 1, length, self.m_file);
         static_cast<void>(self.reset());
-        if (result.bytesWritten != length) {
+        if (result.bytesDrained != length) {
             result.status = FudStatus::Partial;
         } else {
             result.status = FudStatus::Success;
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ class CFile {
     }
 
     template <typename T>
-    [[nodiscard]] WriteResult write(const T& source)
+    [[nodiscard]] DrainResult write(const T& source)
     {
         static_assert(not std::is_pointer_v<decltype(source)>);
         auto& self = static_cast<Derived&>(*this);
@@ -335,19 +335,19 @@ class CFile {
     }
 
     template <typename T>
-    [[nodiscard]] WriteResult write(const T& source, size_t sourceSize, size_t length)
+    [[nodiscard]] DrainResult write(const T& source, size_t sourceSize, size_t length)
     {
         static_assert(not std::is_pointer_v<decltype(source)>);
         auto& self = static_cast<Derived&>(*this);
         auto offsetResult = self.size();
         if (offsetResult.isError()) {
-            return WriteResult{0, offsetResult.getError()};
+            return DrainResult{0, offsetResult.getError()};
         }
         return self.write(source, sourceSize, length, offsetResult.getOkay());
     }
 
     template <typename T>
-    [[nodiscard]] WriteResult write(const T& source, size_t sourceSize, size_t length, size_t offset)
+    [[nodiscard]] DrainResult write(const T& source, size_t sourceSize, size_t length, size_t offset)
     {
         static_assert(not std::is_pointer_v<decltype(source)>);
         auto& self = static_cast<Derived&>(*this);
diff --git a/include/fud_drain.hpp b/include/fud_drain.hpp
index 5b78b10..d630bc7 100644
--- a/include/fud_drain.hpp
+++ b/include/fud_drain.hpp
@@ -26,8 +26,18 @@
 namespace fud {
 
 struct DrainResult {
-    size_t bytesWritten;
+    size_t bytesDrained;
     FudStatus status;
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool isOkay()
+    {
+        return status == FudStatus::Success;
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Sink, typename Source>
+concept Drainable = requires (Sink sink, Source source)
+{
+    { sink.drain(source) } -> std::same_as<DrainResult>;
 };
 
 } // namespace fud
diff --git a/include/fud_file.hpp b/include/fud_file.hpp
index 9ef2cbc..51826a6 100644
--- a/include/fud_file.hpp
+++ b/include/fud_file.hpp
@@ -18,12 +18,13 @@
 #ifndef FUD_FILE_HPP
 #define FUD_FILE_HPP
 
-#include "fud_allocator.hpp"
 #include "fud_option.hpp"
 #include "fud_permissions.hpp"
 #include "fud_result.hpp"
 #include "fud_status.hpp"
 #include "fud_string_view.hpp"
+#include "fud_vector.hpp"
+#include "fud_drain.hpp"
 
 #include <fcntl.h>
 
@@ -37,16 +38,17 @@ enum class FileAccessMode : uint8_t
     ReadWrite = Read | Write
 };
 
-enum class OpenFlagEnum : uint32_t
+// enum class OpenFlagEnum : uint32_t
+enum class OpenFlagEnum : uint8_t
 {
-    Append = O_APPEND,
-    Truncate = O_TRUNC,
-    CloseOnExec = O_CLOEXEC,
-    DataSync = O_DSYNC,
-    Direct = O_DIRECT,
-    NoAtime = O_NOATIME,
-    NonBlock = O_NONBLOCK,
-    FileSync = O_SYNC
+    Append = 0x01,
+    Truncate = Append << 1,
+    CloseOnExec = Truncate << 1,
+    DataSync = CloseOnExec << 1,
+    Direct = DataSync << 1,
+    NoAtime = Direct << 1,
+    NonBlock = NoAtime << 1,
+    FileSync = NonBlock << 1
 };
 
 class OpenFlags {
@@ -90,12 +92,20 @@ class OpenFlags {
         return mode;
     }
 
-    constexpr FlagType flags() const noexcept
-    {
-        return m_mask;
+    constexpr uint32_t flags() const noexcept {
+        uint32_t openFlags = 0;
+        openFlags |= static_cast<uint32_t>(hasFlag(OpenFlagEnum::Append)) * O_APPEND;
+        openFlags |= static_cast<uint32_t>(hasFlag(OpenFlagEnum::Truncate)) * O_TRUNC;
+        openFlags |= static_cast<uint32_t>(hasFlag(OpenFlagEnum::CloseOnExec)) * O_CLOEXEC;
+        openFlags |= static_cast<uint32_t>(hasFlag(OpenFlagEnum::DataSync)) * O_DSYNC;
+        openFlags |= static_cast<uint32_t>(hasFlag(OpenFlagEnum::Direct)) * O_DIRECT;
+        openFlags |= static_cast<uint32_t>(hasFlag(OpenFlagEnum::NoAtime)) * O_NOATIME;
+        openFlags |= static_cast<uint32_t>(hasFlag(OpenFlagEnum::NonBlock)) * O_NONBLOCK;
+        openFlags |= static_cast<uint32_t>(hasFlag(OpenFlagEnum::FileSync)) * O_SYNC;
+        return openFlags;
     }
 
-    constexpr bool hasFlag(OpenFlagEnum flag) noexcept
+    constexpr bool hasFlag(OpenFlagEnum flag) const noexcept
     {
         return (m_mask & static_cast<FlagType>(flag)) != 0;
     }
@@ -110,16 +120,6 @@ constexpr OpenFlags operator|(OpenFlagEnum lhs, OpenFlagEnum rhs)
     return mode | rhs;
 }
 
-struct [[nodiscard]] ReadResult {
-    size_t bytesRead{0};
-    FudStatus status{FudStatus::Success};
-};
-
-struct [[nodiscard]] WriteResult {
-    size_t bytesWritten{0};
-    FudStatus status{FudStatus::Success};
-};
-
 class RegularFile;
 using FileResult = Result<RegularFile, FudStatus>;
 
@@ -129,8 +129,7 @@ class RegularFile {
         StringView filename,
         FileAccessMode mode,
         OpenFlags flags,
-        Option<int> dirFdoption,
-        Allocator* allocator = &globalFudAllocator);
+        Option<int> dirFdoption);
 
     static FileResult create(
         StringView filename,
@@ -138,8 +137,7 @@ class RegularFile {
         OpenFlags flags,
         Permissions permissions,
         bool exclusive,
-        Option<int> dirFdOption,
-        Allocator* allocator = &globalFudAllocator);
+        Option<int> dirFdOption);
 
     FudStatus close();
 
@@ -163,8 +161,20 @@ class RegularFile {
 
   private:
     int m_fd{-1};
-    FileAccessMode m_modeFlags{};
     OpenFlags m_openFlags{};
+    FileAccessMode m_modeFlags{};
+};
+
+class BufferedRegularFile {
+public:
+    DrainResult write(const void* source, size_t sourceSize, size_t length, size_t offset);
+    // DrainResult read(void* sink, );
+private:
+    Vector<std::byte> m_readBuffer{Vector<std::byte>::NullVector()};
+    Vector<std::byte> m_writeBuffer{Vector<std::byte>::NullVector()};
+    RegularFile m_file;
+    bool m_readBuffered{false};
+    bool m_writeBuffered{false};
 };
 
 } // namespace fud
diff --git a/include/fud_format.hpp b/include/fud_format.hpp
index 4d38c26..2102dc9 100644
--- a/include/fud_format.hpp
+++ b/include/fud_format.hpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
 // #include "fud_assert.hpp"
 #include "dragonbox/dragonbox.h"
+#include "fud_drain.hpp"
 #include "fud_array.hpp"
 #include "fud_option.hpp"
 #include "fud_result.hpp"
@@ -270,21 +271,14 @@ enum class FormatCharMode
     ValidUtf8
 };
 
-struct FormatResult {
-    size_t bytesWritten{0};
-    FudStatus status{FudStatus::Failure};
-    [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool isOkay()
-    {
-        return status == FudStatus::Success;
-    }
-};
+using FormatResult = DrainResult;
 
 /* TODO : require concept of a sink that takes pushBack() -> FudStatus */
 /* TODO : sink concept also requires drain() -> FudStatus */
-template <typename Sink>
+template <typename Sink> requires Drainable<Sink, StringView>
 FormatResult format(Sink& sink, FormatCharMode formatMode, FormatString fmt);
 
-template <typename Sink, typename... Args>
+template <typename Sink, typename... Args> requires Drainable<Sink, StringView>
 FormatResult format(Sink& sink, FormatCharMode formatMode, FormatString fmt, Args&&... args);
 
 template <typename Sink>
@@ -341,7 +335,7 @@ size_t findSpec(StringView scanView);
 
 } // namespace impl
 
-template <typename Sink, typename... Args>
+template <typename Sink, typename... Args> requires Drainable<Sink, StringView>
 FormatResult format(Sink& sink, FormatCharMode formatMode, FormatString fmt, Args&&... args)
 {
     static_cast<void>(sink);
@@ -355,7 +349,7 @@ FormatResult format(Sink& sink, FormatCharMode formatMode, FormatString fmt, Arg
     return impl::vFormat(sink, formatMode, fmt, formatArguments);
 }
 
-template <typename Sink>
+template <typename Sink> requires Drainable<Sink, StringView>
 FormatResult format(Sink& sink, FormatCharMode formatMode, FormatString fmt)
 {
     if (formatMode != FormatCharMode::Unchecked) {
@@ -368,8 +362,7 @@ FormatResult format(Sink& sink, FormatCharMode formatMode, FormatString fmt)
         return {0, FudStatus::FormatInvalid};
     }
 
-    auto drainResult = sink.drain(fmt.view());
-    return FormatResult{drainResult.bytesWritten, drainResult.status};
+    return sink.drain(fmt.view());
 }
 
 namespace impl {
@@ -419,7 +412,7 @@ FormatResult vFormat(Sink& sink, FormatCharMode formatMode, FormatString fmt, co
         fudAssert(specIndex <= scanView.length());
         StringView run{specIndex, scanView.data()};
         auto drainResult = sink.drain(run);
-        result.bytesWritten += drainResult.bytesWritten;
+        result.bytesDrained += drainResult.bytesDrained;
         if (drainResult.status != FudStatus::Success) {
             result.status = drainResult.status;
             return result;
@@ -451,7 +444,7 @@ FormatResult vFormat(Sink& sink, FormatCharMode formatMode, FormatString fmt, co
             result.status = argResult.status;
             return result;
         }
-        result.bytesWritten += argResult.bytesWritten;
+        result.bytesDrained += argResult.bytesDrained;
         if (!formatSpec.takesPosition()) {
             argIndex++;
             argIndex += static_cast<uint8_t>(formatSpec.takesWidth);
@@ -904,7 +897,7 @@ FormatResult drainIntegral(
 
     if (sign.length() > 0) {
         auto drainResult = sink.drain(sign);
-        result.bytesWritten += drainResult.bytesWritten;
+        result.bytesDrained += drainResult.bytesDrained;
         result.status = drainResult.status;
     }
 
@@ -914,7 +907,7 @@ FormatResult drainIntegral(
 
     if (prefix.length() > 0) {
         auto drainResult = sink.drain(prefix);
-        result.bytesWritten += drainResult.bytesWritten;
+        result.bytesDrained += drainResult.bytesDrained;
         result.status = drainResult.status;
     }
 
@@ -925,7 +918,7 @@ FormatResult drainIntegral(
     if (padZero) {
         auto zeroPadSize = width - calculatedWidth;
         auto padResult = fillPad(sink, '0', zeroPadSize);
-        result.bytesWritten += padResult.bytesWritten;
+        result.bytesDrained += padResult.bytesDrained;
         result.status = padResult.status;
     }
 
@@ -934,7 +927,7 @@ FormatResult drainIntegral(
     }
 
     auto drainNumberResult = sink.drain(buffer);
-    result.bytesWritten += drainNumberResult.bytesWritten;
+    result.bytesDrained += drainNumberResult.bytesDrained;
     result.status = drainNumberResult.status;
 
     if (result.status != FudStatus::Success) {
@@ -942,7 +935,7 @@ FormatResult drainIntegral(
     }
 
     auto rightPadResult = rightPad(sink, align, width, fill, calculatedWidth);
-    result.bytesWritten += rightPadResult.bytesWritten;
+    result.bytesDrained += rightPadResult.bytesDrained;
     result.status = rightPadResult.status;
 
     return result;
@@ -964,19 +957,19 @@ template <typename Sink>
     for (auto bufferSize : bufferSizes) {
         while (count > bufferSize) {
             auto drainResult = sink.drain(StringView{bufferSize, backingBuffer.data()});
-            result.bytesWritten += drainResult.bytesWritten;
+            result.bytesDrained += drainResult.bytesDrained;
             result.status = drainResult.status;
             if (result.status != FudStatus::Success) {
                 return result;
             }
-            count -= drainResult.bytesWritten;
+            count -= drainResult.bytesDrained;
         }
     }
 
     if (count > 0) {
         fudAssert(count < backingBuffer.size());
         auto drainResult = sink.drain(StringView{count, backingBuffer.data()});
-        result.bytesWritten += drainResult.bytesWritten;
+        result.bytesDrained += drainResult.bytesDrained;
         result.status = drainResult.status;
     }
 
@@ -1201,45 +1194,45 @@ template <typename Sink, typename DecimalRepr>
 
     if (width > calculatedWidth && not padZero) {
         auto padResult = leftPad(sink, align, width, fill, calculatedWidth);
-        result.bytesWritten += padResult.bytesWritten;
+        result.bytesDrained += padResult.bytesDrained;
         result.status = padResult.status;
     }
 
     if (result.status == FudStatus::Success && sign.length() > 0) {
         auto drainResult = sink.drain(sign);
-        result.bytesWritten += drainResult.bytesWritten;
+        result.bytesDrained += drainResult.bytesDrained;
         result.status = drainResult.status;
     }
 
     if (result.status == FudStatus::Success && padZero && width > calculatedWidth) {
         auto zeroPadSize = width - calculatedWidth;
         auto padResult = fillPad(sink, '0', zeroPadSize);
-        result.bytesWritten += padResult.bytesWritten;
+        result.bytesDrained += padResult.bytesDrained;
         result.status = padResult.status;
     }
 
     if (result.status == FudStatus::Success) {
         auto drainNumberResult = sink.drain(numberView);
-        result.bytesWritten += drainNumberResult.bytesWritten;
+        result.bytesDrained += drainNumberResult.bytesDrained;
         result.status = drainNumberResult.status;
     }
 
     if (result.status == FudStatus::Success && precision > precisionPlaces) {
         auto remainingPlaces = precision - precisionPlaces;
         auto precisionResult = fillPad(sink, '0', remainingPlaces);
-        result.bytesWritten += precisionResult.bytesWritten;
+        result.bytesDrained += precisionResult.bytesDrained;
         result.status = precisionResult.status;
     }
 
     if (result.status == FudStatus::Success) {
         auto exponentDrainResult = sink.drain(exponentView);
-        result.bytesWritten += exponentDrainResult.bytesWritten;
+        result.bytesDrained += exponentDrainResult.bytesDrained;
         result.status = exponentDrainResult.status;
     }
 
     if (result.status == FudStatus::Success) {
         auto padResult = rightPad(sink, align, width, fill, calculatedWidth);
-        result.bytesWritten += padResult.bytesWritten;
+        result.bytesDrained += padResult.bytesDrained;
         result.status = padResult.status;
     }
 
@@ -1441,7 +1434,7 @@ FormatResult format(Sink& sink, FormatCharMode formatMode, const FormatSpec& for
     }
 
     auto padResult = impl::leftPad(sink, align, width, fill, calculatedWidth);
-    result.bytesWritten += padResult.bytesWritten;
+    result.bytesDrained += padResult.bytesDrained;
     result.status = padResult.status;
 
     if (result.status != FudStatus::Success) {
@@ -1449,7 +1442,7 @@ FormatResult format(Sink& sink, FormatCharMode formatMode, const FormatSpec& for
     }
 
     auto drainViewResult = sink.drain(arg);
-    result.bytesWritten += drainViewResult.bytesWritten;
+    result.bytesDrained += drainViewResult.bytesDrained;
     result.status = drainViewResult.status;
 
     if (result.status != FudStatus::Success) {
@@ -1457,7 +1450,7 @@ FormatResult format(Sink& sink, FormatCharMode formatMode, const FormatSpec& for
     }
 
     padResult = impl::rightPad(sink, align, width, fill, calculatedWidth);
-    result.bytesWritten += padResult.bytesWritten;
+    result.bytesDrained += padResult.bytesDrained;
     result.status = padResult.status;
 
     return result;
diff --git a/include/fud_vector.hpp b/include/fud_vector.hpp
index 2b5de9a..52876fd 100644
--- a/include/fud_vector.hpp
+++ b/include/fud_vector.hpp
@@ -70,6 +70,12 @@ class Vector {
         rhs.m_capacity = 0;
     }
 
+    static constexpr Vector<T> NullVector() noexcept {
+        Vector<T> output{};
+        output.m_allocator = &globalNullAllocator;
+        return output;
+    }
+
     static Result<Vector<T>, FudStatus> withCapacity(size_t capacity, Allocator* allocator = &globalFudAllocator)
     {
         Vector<T> output{};
@@ -104,7 +110,7 @@ class Vector {
         }
 
         output.m_allocator = allocator;
-        output.m_data = static_cast<T*>(dataPtrResult.getOkay());
+        output.m_data = reinterpret_cast<T*>(dataPtrResult.getOkay());
         output.m_length = 0;
         output.m_capacity = capacity;
         return FudStatus::Success;
@@ -341,7 +347,7 @@ class Vector {
             return dataPtrResult.takeError();
         }
 
-        auto* dataPtr = static_cast<T*>(dataPtrResult.takeOkay());
+        auto* dataPtr = reinterpret_cast<T*>(dataPtrResult.takeOkay());
         for (size_t index = 0; index < m_length; ++index) {
             const auto* ptr = new (dataPtr + index) T(std::move(m_data[index]));
             fudAssert(ptr != nullptr);
@@ -350,7 +356,7 @@ class Vector {
 
         auto status = FudStatus::Success;
         if (m_capacity > 0) {
-            status = m_allocator->deallocate(m_data, m_capacity);
+            status = m_allocator->deallocate(reinterpret_cast<std::byte*>(m_data), m_capacity);
         }
 
         m_data = dataPtr;
@@ -666,7 +672,7 @@ class Vector {
         auto status = clear();
 
         if (m_data != nullptr && m_allocator != nullptr) {
-            auto deallocStatus = m_allocator->deallocate(m_data, m_capacity);
+            auto deallocStatus = m_allocator->deallocate(reinterpret_cast<std::byte*>(m_data), m_capacity);
             if (status == FudStatus::Success) {
                 status = deallocStatus;
             }
diff --git a/source/fud_allocator.cpp b/source/fud_allocator.cpp
index 8daf969..d5127fa 100644
--- a/source/fud_allocator.cpp
+++ b/source/fud_allocator.cpp
@@ -19,18 +19,18 @@
 
 namespace fud {
 
-Result<void*, FudStatus> FudAllocator::allocate(size_t bytes, size_t alignment)
+Result<std::byte*, FudStatus> FudAllocator::allocate(size_t bytes, size_t alignment)
 {
-    using RetType = Result<void*, FudStatus>;
+    using RetType = Result<std::byte*, FudStatus>;
     static_cast<void>(alignment);
-    auto* pointer = static_cast<std::byte*>(fudAlloc(bytes));
+    auto* pointer = fudAlloc(bytes);
     if (pointer == nullptr) {
         return RetType::error(FudStatus::AllocFailure);
     }
     return RetType::okay(pointer);
 }
 
-FudStatus FudAllocator::deallocate(void* pointer, size_t bytes)
+FudStatus FudAllocator::deallocate(std::byte* pointer, size_t bytes)
 {
     if (pointer == nullptr || bytes == 0) {
         return FudStatus::ArgumentInvalid;
@@ -46,4 +46,25 @@ bool FudAllocator::isEqual(const Allocator& rhs) const
 
 FudAllocator globalFudAllocator{};
 
+Result<std::byte*, FudStatus> NullAllocator::allocate(size_t bytes, size_t alignment)
+{
+    static_cast<void>(bytes);
+    static_cast<void>(alignment);
+    return FudError{FudStatus::Failure};
+}
+
+FudStatus NullAllocator::deallocate(std::byte* pointer, size_t bytes)
+{
+    static_cast<void>(pointer);
+    static_cast<void>(bytes);
+    return FudStatus::Failure;
+}
+
+bool NullAllocator::isEqual(const Allocator& rhs) const
+{
+    return &rhs == static_cast<const Allocator*>(this);
+}
+
+NullAllocator globalNullAllocator{};
+
 } // namespace fud
diff --git a/source/fud_assert.cpp b/source/fud_assert.cpp
index 7838e22..966f44c 100644
--- a/source/fud_assert.cpp
+++ b/source/fud_assert.cpp
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ DrainResult BufferSink::drain(StringView source)
         return result;
     }
     /* TODO: give users control over this functionality */
-    result.bytesWritten = fwrite(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(source.m_data), 1, source.m_length, stderr);
-    if (result.bytesWritten != source.m_length) {
+    result.bytesDrained = fwrite(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(source.m_data), 1, source.m_length, stderr);
+    if (result.bytesDrained != source.m_length) {
         result.status = FudStatus::Full;
     }
     return result;
diff --git a/source/fud_file.cpp b/source/fud_file.cpp
index 8f84648..94f1f27 100644
--- a/source/fud_file.cpp
+++ b/source/fud_file.cpp
@@ -30,13 +30,8 @@ FileResult RegularFile::open(
     StringView filename,
     FileAccessMode mode,
     OpenFlags flags,
-    Option<int> dirFdOption,
-    Allocator* allocator)
+    Option<int> dirFdOption)
 {
-    if (allocator == nullptr) {
-        return FileResult::error(FudStatus::NullPointer);
-    }
-
     if (!filename.nullTerminated()) {
         return FileResult::error(FudStatus::ArgumentInvalid);
     }
@@ -115,6 +110,8 @@ FileResult RegularFile::open(
         return FileResult::error(FudStatus::ObjectInvalid);
     }
 
+    file.m_openFlags = flags;
+
     return FileResult::okay(std::move(file));
 }
 
@@ -124,13 +121,8 @@ FileResult RegularFile::create(
     OpenFlags flags,
     Permissions permissions,
     bool exclusive,
-    Option<int> dirFdOption,
-    Allocator* allocator)
+    Option<int> dirFdOption)
 {
-    if (allocator == nullptr) {
-        return FileResult::error(FudStatus::NullPointer);
-    }
-
     if (!filename.nullTerminated()) {
         return FileResult::error(FudStatus::ArgumentInvalid);
     }
@@ -218,7 +210,7 @@ RegularFile::~RegularFile()
     static_cast<void>(this->close());
 }
 
-RegularFile::RegularFile(RegularFile&& rhs) noexcept : m_fd{rhs.m_fd}, m_modeFlags{rhs.m_modeFlags}
+RegularFile::RegularFile(RegularFile&& rhs) noexcept : m_fd{rhs.m_fd}, m_openFlags{rhs.m_openFlags}, m_modeFlags{rhs.m_modeFlags}
 {
     rhs.m_fd = -1;
 }
@@ -232,6 +224,7 @@ RegularFile& RegularFile::operator=(RegularFile&& rhs) noexcept
     static_cast<void>(this->close());
 
     m_fd = rhs.m_fd;
+    m_openFlags = rhs.m_openFlags;
     m_modeFlags = rhs.m_modeFlags;
 
     rhs.m_fd = -1;
@@ -250,6 +243,7 @@ FudStatus RegularFile::take(RegularFile& rhs)
     }
 
     m_fd = rhs.m_fd;
+    m_openFlags = rhs.m_openFlags;
     m_modeFlags = rhs.m_modeFlags;
 
     rhs.m_fd = -1;
diff --git a/source/fud_string.cpp b/source/fud_string.cpp
index 058c813..4a20630 100644
--- a/source/fud_string.cpp
+++ b/source/fud_string.cpp
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ StringResult String::makeFromCString(const char* cString, Allocator* allocator)
         return StringResult::error(FudStatus::ArgumentInvalid);
     }
 
-    auto length = static_cast<size_t>(lenResult);
+    auto outputLength = static_cast<size_t>(lenResult);
     if constexpr (static_cast<size_t>(std::numeric_limits<ssize_t>::max()) > maxStringLength) {
-        if (length > maxStringLength) {
+        if (outputLength > maxStringLength) {
             return StringResult::error(FudStatus::ArgumentInvalid);
         }
     }
@@ -62,30 +62,21 @@ StringResult String::makeFromCString(const char* cString, Allocator* allocator)
     String output{};
     output.m_allocator = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(allocator);
 
-    utf8* data{nullptr};
-    size_t capacity = length + 1;
-    bool isLarge = capacity > SsoBufSize;
+    utf8* outputData{nullptr};
+    size_t outputCapacity = outputLength + 1;
+    bool isLarge = outputCapacity > SsoBufSize;
     if (isLarge) {
-        output.m_repr.large.capacity = capacity;
-        output.m_repr.large.length = length;
-        auto dataResult = output.allocator()->allocate(capacity);
-        if (dataResult.isError()) {
-            return StringResult::error(dataResult.getError());
+        auto status = output.makeLarge(outputCapacity, outputLength, outputData);
+        if (status != FudStatus::Success) {
+            return StringResult::error(status);
         }
-        output.m_repr.large.data = static_cast<utf8*>(dataResult.getOkay());
-        data = output.m_repr.large.data;
-        output.setLarge();
     } else {
-        capacity = SsoBufSize;
-        static_assert(SsoBufSize < std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max());
-        output.m_repr.small.length = length & smallStringLengthMask;
-        data = output.m_repr.small.buffer.data();
-        output.setSmall();
+        output.makeSmall(outputCapacity, outputLength, outputData);
     }
 
-    fudAssert(data != nullptr);
+    fudAssert(outputData != nullptr);
 
-    auto copyStatus = copyMem(data, capacity, cString, length);
+    auto copyStatus = copyMem(outputData, outputCapacity, cString, outputLength);
     fudAssert(copyStatus == FudStatus::Success);
 
     auto terminateStatus = output.nullTerminate();
@@ -102,25 +93,20 @@ StringResult String::from(const String& rhs)
 
     String output{};
     output.m_allocator = rhs.m_allocator;
-    utf8* data{nullptr};
-    size_t capacity{0};
-    size_t length{0};
+    utf8* outputData{nullptr};
+    size_t outputCapacity{0};
+    size_t outputLength{0};
     if (rhs.isLarge()) {
-        output.m_repr.large = rhs.m_repr.large;
-        output.m_repr.large.data = static_cast<utf8*>(
-            M_TakeOrReturn(StringResult, output.allocator()->allocate(output.m_repr.large.capacity)));
-        data = output.m_repr.large.data;
-        capacity = output.m_repr.large.capacity;
-        length = output.m_repr.large.length;
+        auto status = output.makeLarge(outputCapacity, outputLength, outputData);
+        if (status != FudStatus::Success) {
+            return StringResult::error(status);
+        }
     } else {
-        output.m_repr.small = rhs.m_repr.small;
-        data = output.m_repr.small.buffer.data();
-        capacity = SsoBufSize;
-        length = output.m_repr.small.length;
+        output.makeSmall(outputCapacity, outputLength, outputData);
     }
-    fudAssert(data != nullptr);
+    fudAssert(outputData != nullptr);
 
-    auto copyResult = copyMem(output.dataMut(), capacity, rhs.data(), length);
+    auto copyResult = copyMem(output.dataMut(), outputCapacity, rhs.data(), outputLength);
     fudAssert(copyResult == FudStatus::Success);
 
     auto nullTerminateStatus = output.nullTerminate();
@@ -193,28 +179,29 @@ FudStatus String::copy(const String& rhs)
     m_allocator = rhs.m_allocator;
     m_repr = rhs.m_repr;
 
-    utf8* data{nullptr};
-    size_t capacity{};
-    size_t length{};
+    utf8* outputData{nullptr};
+    size_t outputCapacity{};
+    size_t outputLength{};
 
     if (isLarge()) {
         auto allocResult = allocator()->allocate(m_repr.large.capacity);
         if (allocResult.isError()) {
             return allocResult.takeError();
         }
-        m_repr.large.data = static_cast<utf8*>(allocResult.takeOkay());
-        capacity = m_repr.large.capacity;
-        length = m_repr.large.length;
-        data = m_repr.large.data;
+        m_repr.large.data = reinterpret_cast<utf8*>(allocResult.takeOkay());
+        outputCapacity = m_repr.large.capacity;
+        outputLength = m_repr.large.length;
+        outputData = m_repr.large.data;
+
     } else {
-        capacity = SsoBufSize;
-        length = m_repr.small.length;
-        data = m_repr.small.buffer.data();
+        outputCapacity = SsoBufSize;
+        outputLength = m_repr.small.length;
+        outputData = m_repr.small.buffer.data();
     }
 
-    fudAssert(data != nullptr);
+    fudAssert(outputData != nullptr);
 
-    auto copyResult = copyMem(dataMut(), capacity, rhs.data(), length);
+    auto copyResult = copyMem(dataMut(), outputCapacity, rhs.data(), outputLength);
     fudAssert(copyResult == FudStatus::Success);
     auto nullTerminateStatus = nullTerminate();
     fudAssert(nullTerminateStatus == FudStatus::Success);
@@ -243,7 +230,7 @@ void String::cleanup()
 {
     const auto* allocPtr = allocator();
     if (isLarge() && m_repr.large.data != nullptr && allocPtr != nullptr) {
-        auto deallocStatus = allocator()->deallocate(m_repr.large.data, m_repr.large.capacity);
+        auto deallocStatus = allocator()->deallocate(reinterpret_cast<std::byte*>(m_repr.large.data), m_repr.large.capacity);
         static_cast<void>(deallocStatus);
         m_repr.large.data = nullptr;
     }
@@ -271,7 +258,7 @@ FudStatus String::resize(size_t newCapacity)
         auto copyResult = copyMem(dataMut(), temp.size(), temp.data(), len);
         fudAssert(copyResult == FudStatus::Success);
 
-        auto deallocStatus = allocator()->deallocate(m_repr.large.data, m_repr.large.capacity);
+        auto deallocStatus = allocator()->deallocate(reinterpret_cast<std::byte*>(m_repr.large.data), m_repr.large.capacity);
         setSmall();
         m_repr.small.length = len & smallStringLengthMask;
         copyMem(m_repr.small.buffer, temp);
@@ -284,7 +271,7 @@ FudStatus String::resize(size_t newCapacity)
     if (allocResult.isError()) {
         return allocResult.takeError();
     }
-    auto* newData = static_cast<utf8*>(allocResult.takeOkay());
+    auto* newData = reinterpret_cast<utf8*>(allocResult.takeOkay());
     fudAssert(newData != nullptr);
 
     auto copyResult = copyMem(newData, newCapacity, data(), length());
@@ -292,7 +279,7 @@ FudStatus String::resize(size_t newCapacity)
 
     auto deallocStatus = FudStatus::Success;
     if (isLarge()) {
-        deallocStatus = allocator()->deallocate(dataMut(), m_repr.large.capacity);
+        deallocStatus = allocator()->deallocate(reinterpret_cast<std::byte*>(m_repr.large.data), m_repr.large.capacity);
     }
 
     size_t len = length();
@@ -569,7 +556,7 @@ DrainResult String::drain(StringView source)
         auto status = copyMem(destPtr, remainingLength(), firstPart.m_data, firstPart.m_length);
         fudAssert(status == FudStatus::Success);
         addToLength(firstPart.m_length);
-        result.bytesWritten += firstPart.m_length;
+        result.bytesDrained += firstPart.m_length;
         status = nullTerminate();
         source.advanceUnsafe(firstPart.m_length);
         fudAssert(status == FudStatus::Success);
@@ -603,7 +590,7 @@ DrainResult String::drain(StringView source)
     auto* destPtr = dataMut() + length();
     result.status = copyMem(destPtr, remainingLength(), source.data(), source.length());
     fudAssert(result.status == FudStatus::Success);
-    result.bytesWritten += source.length();
+    result.bytesDrained += source.length();
 
     setLength(newLength);
     result.status = nullTerminate();
@@ -767,7 +754,7 @@ FudStatus String::makeLarge(size_t cap, size_t len, utf8*& outputData)
     if (dataResult.isError()) {
         return dataResult.getError();
     }
-    m_repr.large.data = static_cast<utf8*>(dataResult.getOkay());
+    m_repr.large.data = reinterpret_cast<utf8*>(dataResult.getOkay());
     outputData = m_repr.large.data;
     setLarge();
     return FudStatus::Success;
diff --git a/test/test_allocator.cpp b/test/test_allocator.cpp
index d93df1e..6382463 100644
--- a/test/test_allocator.cpp
+++ b/test/test_allocator.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 namespace fud {
 
 struct FailAllocator : public MockFudAlloc {
-    virtual void* operator()(size_t size) override {
+    virtual std::byte* operator()(size_t size) override {
         static_cast<void>(size);
         return nullptr;
     }
diff --git a/test/test_common.cpp b/test/test_common.cpp
index 784cb0d..778b4b5 100644
--- a/test/test_common.cpp
+++ b/test/test_common.cpp
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@
 
 namespace fud {
 
-void* MockFudAlloc::operator()(size_t size)
+std::byte* MockFudAlloc::operator()(size_t size)
 {
-    return malloc(size);
+    return static_cast<std::byte*>(malloc(size));
 }
 
-void MockFudDealloc::operator()(void* pointer)
+void MockFudDealloc::operator()(std::byte* pointer)
 {
     return free(pointer);
 }
@@ -39,24 +39,24 @@ MockFudAlloc globalDefaultMockAlloc{};
 
 MockFudDealloc globalDefaultMockDealloc{};
 
-void* MockFudAllocator::allocate(size_t size)
+std::byte* MockFudAllocator::allocate(size_t size)
 {
     return (*m_allocator)(size);
 }
 
-void MockFudAllocator::deallocate(void* pointer)
+void MockFudAllocator::deallocate(std::byte* pointer)
 {
     return (*m_deallocator)(pointer);
 }
 
 MockFudAllocator globalMockFudAlloc{};
 
-void* fudAlloc(size_t size)
+std::byte* fudAlloc(size_t size)
 {
     return globalMockFudAlloc.allocate(size);
 }
 
-void fudFree(void* ptr)
+void fudFree(std::byte* ptr)
 {
     return globalMockFudAlloc.deallocate(ptr);
 }
diff --git a/test/test_common.hpp b/test/test_common.hpp
index fd16364..8912e42 100644
--- a/test/test_common.hpp
+++ b/test/test_common.hpp
@@ -57,23 +57,22 @@ static_assert(sizeof(FOUR_BYTE) == 4 + 1);
 #define CHARACTER_SET LOWERCASE_CHARS u8" " UPPERCASE_CHARS
 
 // NOLINTEND(cppcoreguidelines-macro-usage)
-constexpr size_t charSetSize = sizeof(CHARACTER_SET) - 1;
 
 struct MockFudAlloc {
-    virtual void* operator()(size_t size);
+    virtual std::byte* operator()(size_t size);
 };
 
 extern MockFudAlloc globalDefaultMockAlloc;
 
 struct MockFudDealloc {
-    virtual void operator()(void* pointer);
+    virtual void operator()(std::byte* pointer);
 };
 
 extern MockFudDealloc globalDefaultMockDealloc;
 
 struct MockFudAllocator {
-    void* allocate(size_t size);
-    void deallocate(void* pointer);
+    std::byte* allocate(size_t size);
+    void deallocate(std::byte* pointer);
 
     MockFudAlloc* m_allocator{&globalDefaultMockAlloc};
     MockFudDealloc* m_deallocator{&globalDefaultMockDealloc};
diff --git a/test/test_directory.cpp b/test/test_directory.cpp
index ba1c0e1..96b9c2d 100644
--- a/test/test_directory.cpp
+++ b/test/test_directory.cpp
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ TEST(FudDirectory, Basic)
         CBinaryFile file{std::move(fileResult).takeOkay()};
         ASSERT_EQ(file.open(), FudStatus::Success);
         Array<utf8, 5> data{u8"test"};
-        WriteResult expected{data.size(), FudStatus::Success};
+        DrainResult expected{data.size(), FudStatus::Success};
         auto writeResult = file.write(data);
-        ASSERT_EQ(writeResult.bytesWritten, expected.bytesWritten);
+        ASSERT_EQ(writeResult.bytesDrained, expected.bytesDrained);
         ASSERT_EQ(writeResult.status, expected.status);
     }
 
diff --git a/test/test_string.cpp b/test/test_string.cpp
index 9f5b24e..6bcbd37 100644
--- a/test/test_string.cpp
+++ b/test/test_string.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ namespace fud {
 
 TEST(FudString, CStringLength)
 {
-    const char* nullPointer = nullPointer;
+    const char* nullPointer{nullptr};
     ASSERT_EQ(cStringLength(nullPointer), -1);
     ASSERT_EQ(cStringLength(""), 0);
     ASSERT_EQ(cStringLength("a"), 1);
diff --git a/test/test_utf8.cpp b/test/test_utf8.cpp
index 591d1a3..69a1643 100644
--- a/test/test_utf8.cpp
+++ b/test/test_utf8.cpp
@@ -127,17 +127,17 @@ TEST(Utf8Test, Utf8MultiByte)
     constexpr size_t bufSize = data.size();
     EXPECT_EQ(data[bufSize - 1], '\0');
 
-    class FixedAllocator final : public Allocator {
+    class FixedAllocator : public Allocator {
       private:
-        Array<utf8, bufSize> m_memory{};
+        Array<std::byte, bufSize> m_memory{};
         size_t m_allocated{0};
 
       public:
-        virtual ~FixedAllocator() override final = default;
+        virtual ~FixedAllocator() override = default;
 
-        virtual Result<void*, FudStatus> allocate(size_t bytes, size_t alignment) override final
+        virtual Result<std::byte*, FudStatus> allocate(size_t bytes, size_t alignment) override final
         {
-            using RetType = Result<void*, FudStatus>;
+            using RetType = Result<std::byte*, FudStatus>;
             static_cast<void>(alignment);
             if (bytes > m_memory.size() - m_allocated) {
                 return RetType::error(FudStatus::AllocFailure);
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ TEST(Utf8Test, Utf8MultiByte)
             return RetType::okay(data);
         }
 
-        virtual FudStatus deallocate(void* pointer, size_t bytes) override final
+        virtual FudStatus deallocate(std::byte* pointer, size_t bytes) override final
         {
             static_cast<void>(pointer);
             static_cast<void>(bytes);